Unthinkable Solutions of Fermi's Paradox

"At some point, the gluons will no longer be able to hold the quarks together, and the hadrons will decay. Which will mean the end of matter in this universe." - Albert Einstein ¹

As it seems, in our universe, nothing is made to last. Eventually, everything gets old and dies or changes or decays into something else, and I am not referring to the life forms only but to all matter in the cosmos. For all we know, this might not be true within our own macroworld alone, but also deep below, the same goes for particles in the quantum realm as well. The fact is that everything in the universe has a tendency to achieve the lowest energy state and to finally rest within a stable system, even if that means going through various changes or decays. In the quantum world, this could be true for the Higgs field as well. According to Hawking, if it becomes metastable, the vacuum decay bubble will emerge and consume everything in order to eventually reach the lowest energy state possible. For Higgs field being everywhere in the universe, this would mean instantaneous collapse of the whole universe and it's own ultimate change into a new and ultimately alien environment with a completely new set of laws of physics in the aftermath that could not be as friendly to the living beings as they are today.

But relax, this is just a theory; it might be wrong; nothing like it happened in previous 13.8 billion years (or did it?) and the quote from the beginning is not really formulated by the famous physicist. Well, fictitious Einstein did say it in Phillip P. Peterson's 'Paradox', a remarkable piece of science fiction driven by this scientific premise, but still, it might be something he would say if he were still alive today.

'Paradox' is a relatively new novel series, so I am not going to spoil the content, but to really understand how vacuum decay relates to the well-known Fermi's paradox or to better understand aliens' actions towards Earth and other star systems throughout the universe, I'd warmly recommend the read. As a science fiction fan for years and decades, I could only say that I didn't stumble to the better science fiction in relation to concepts such as Dyson spheres, quantum mechanics, fusion engines, antimatter propulsion, warp drives, the creation of the Big Bang and inflationary space, virtual reality of enormous proportions, wormholes, travel, and communication... The list is going on, and I can only speculate what is inside the third book that has just been released (unfortunately, due to my illiteracy in German, I'll have to wait for the summer and its scheduled translation in English). Anyway, this was one of the rare book series with a sequel even more interesting than the first book, with perfectly connected endings in both of them.

The idea of vacuum decay behind Peterson novels for the solution of Fermi's paradox is indeed new in scientific background, but surely there is more logic we can think of and apply to the absence of aliens, and the idea, more than half a century old, is getting renewed attention in recent years. What I am referring to is the simulation theory and/or holographic principle. It is triggered by the very research of black holes and the information paradox, which states that physical information can be lost and swallowed by black holes despite quantum mechanics postulate that nothing, including information, can ever be lost, only transferred from one form to another. One of the solutions for the paradox I discussed a while ago with the question in the post title 'Are We Holograms?' answered Fermi's paradox perfectly.

However, to get back to science fiction, on several occasions in the past, I mentioned "The Thirteenth Floor", the movie that portrays so far the best story about a simulation of everything in existence. I don't know why, but I never read the backstory about this great film, and especially for this post, I went to check where the script came from in the first place and discovered that it was loosely based on the book called "Simulacron-3", written by Daniel F. Galouye way back in 1964. Needless to say, I downloaded the copy and liked it very, very much. Considering the year and the fact that it was written at the dawn of digital computers, the details and sophistication of the story were amazing. In relation to Fermi's paradox, if we are indeed living in a simulated world created by aliens themselves and we are all nothing more than just a bunch of artificial intelligence characters in the game, then the absence of other intelligent forms becomes clear. Or we will meet them when they become programmed and inserted in the simulation. Anytime now.

Next in line of the fictitious solution for Fermi's paradox on the first glance is not something that much unthinkable. But if we reason about communications over long distances in space, calling the ET and/or receiving a message from aliens from deep space is not as easy as we might think. By using our current technology, that is. The most obvious is the SETI project, which was founded half a century ago based on only monitoring electromagnetic radiation in search of ET broadcasts. After that, many years of looking for the signal from the above failed to find anything so far.

The most interesting and one of the first works of science fiction in this realm was Carl Sagan's 'Contact', in which aliens managed to receive the Earth's earliest TV broadcast 25 light years away, decoded it, and sent it back into SETI's antennas. Unfortunately, even though this looks much more plausible than vacuum decay or giant simulation, it really is not. Engineering and the science behind it are cruel. To broadcast anything at all in the electromagnetic spectrum, the signal must be focused and powerful enough to reach the destination without dissipation of the signal, to avoid the data being embedded in too much noise on the way, or to experience path loss while spreading out over long distances. Our EM broadcasts from Earth are meant for Earth only (or for the Moon on occasion or two in the past), and they are not powerful enough to reach even the closest stars without serious signal loss. To get weak transmissions like that, aliens around Vega might need solar system-wide antennas to detect UHF broadcasts from us. The same goes for SETI on Earth; it is unlikely we will ever get anything that is not narrow, focused, and aimed directly toward us. Nevertheless, ''Contact' will always stay on my physical and digital shelves for being one of the best science fiction films in the history of the genre.

At least for this post, the last and final obstacle with life forms swarming the vast space throughout the universe(s) is ... life itself and its potential limitations. Organic life based on carbon or something else exotic to us could be fragile and short in general. One small asteroid strikes the planet in the Goldilocks zone, and poof... everything dies and resets. Billions of years of evolution go into oblivion in a cosmic second. Even if major extinction events miraculously avoid the intelligent species, they might be destined to destroy themselves at the end of the path. Even more unthinkable scenarios we are still not aware of yet can pop into the equation. One of the obstacles could be that life could exist only in networked scenarios, or, to be precise, it could only work and evolve, more or less, in the form of a giant hive mind in relation to the mother planet. If that's true, there could be a limit in distance for a small number of individuals to leave their world, where they would ultimately lose connection to the hive and die. We never sent anyone or anything to live beyond moon orbit, so if this is true, the border of life could be anywhere beyond that.

I am not sure that Arthur C. Clarke had this in mind when he wrote 'Rendezvous with Rama' back then in 1973. Probably not. However, it was not far from common sense that in this unthinkable scenario, in order to sail toward the stars, the only way that could be done is to build enormous spaceships and giant cities that could carry everybody on the one-way journey. There are countless hazards for that kind of travel, and something along the way might happen to the people who originally populated Rama in the beginning. If we add to the story ultimate laws of physics and issues with limited speed of travel, vast distances between stars, and sparse sources when it comes to little things like food and fuel, 'the hive mind' problem could be another perfect solution to the paradox to consider.

But let's stop here with imagining all potential reasons why we still haven't met ET. If I would like only to spice it up with more unthinkable reasons, it would not be that hard. Just think about the "Zoo Hypothesis", in which we are created and observed by aliens in their science fair experiment, or the theory that we are the first intelligent civilization to emerge so far, or that there is 'The Great Filter' that limits intelligent life species from reaching the potential to dive into stars.

In the end, we could all be wrong. Evolution of species throughout the universe might not be headed toward stars at all. Perhaps we have to reset our minds and look elsewhere, no matter how strange it sounds.

¹ Quote by Albert Einstein character from Phillip P. Peterson's Paradox novel series

Novels:
http://raumvektor.de/paradox/
https://www.amazon.com/Contact-Carl-Sagan-ebook/
https://www.amazon.com/Rendezvous-Rama-Arthur-C-Clarke

Image refs:
https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/heres-how-universe-could-destroy-itself-horror-vacuum-decay
http://lcart3.narod.ru/image/fantasy/jim_burns/jim_burns_cylindrical_sea.jpg
http://starkovtattoo.spb.ru/titanfall-wallpapers

Refs:
http://www.bidstrup.com/seti.htm
https://briankoberlein.com/2015/02/19/e-t-phone-home/
https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000984.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_F._Galouye
https://medium.com/o-s/6-mind-bending-solutions-to-the-fermi-paradox

Fringe Dream of Virtual Particles

Last night I had a vividly strange science fiction dream. Like with most of my dreams, and dreams in general, I guess, it was hard to recall all the details in the morning, and this one was no exception, but in a nutshell, the scene started with me in some science lab, describing the idea of how to effectively make a tiny hole in the universe. It was pretty simple—I was using four Tesla coils, perfectly positioned in the corners of the large square with edges of about a couple of meters long and with two small, battery-sized metal plates positioned in the center of the square. The experiment was that at the precise moment, Tesla coils fired four filaments of thunder, reaching the center point exactly between two metal plates at the same time, initiating a process that in the end created a tiny breach in the universe that I was describing in the dream as a brane between dimensions and within the void between multiverses. Anyway, in the process, one plate goes from metallic through dark and eventually invisible, while the other started immediately to glow and emit light and other sorts of radiation.

I was explaining in my dream that the breach positioned one plate just outside of our universe while the other stood here. Most of the pairs of virtual particles that were popping between two plates all the time out of vacuum are torn apart by the invisible plate, making them real particles from that point and attracting one toward itself, while the second particle is always attracted by the other plate, creating radiation and the glow in the process. Very similar to the Hawking radiation emitting from the event horizon of the black hole. Even though those two plates were positioned very near to each other, after the Tesla coils did the job by breaching the universe, they stayed in different realms from that point, keeping a relatively close distance between them and finding new equilibrium even when the coils were shut down.

Our plate was then taken out of the square center, wrapped in the bigger case, and used as a battery that never drains. Or, to be precise, not until the invisible plate in the system that is always outside of our universe depletes itself by doing its job of separating the particles, but it was explained in the dream to be an extremely slow process that takes centuries, even if the battery is used to generate lots of power, like empowering entire city blocks.

I know, having a geeky or nerdy dream can be weird for most people, but it's not that we can choose what to dream, can we? It is surely a product of my daydreams, so to speak, and definitely an outcome from my daily interests in astrophysics by watching various documentaries and reading articles online. The novel-like storyline was definitely the consequence of all of my science fiction fascination in both movies and books, which I enjoy from time to time as well. In this very case, the background of the entire story from the last night and today's post is all about the most intriguing feature of the universe. The one that might change everything one day. Virtual particles. They are one of those scientific theories that has extraordinary potential for the future. If we find a way to capture and control them. Hopefully not by poking our universe with bolts of lightning. :-)

But seriously, and sci-fi aside, let's see why virtual particles are one of those quantum properties I think we still wait to understand fully. First of all, they are not really virtual per se; they differ from real particles only by their short existence in time. Aside from that, they can have some or even all properties of the real particles, including mass, but so far it is not really possible to observe virtual particles due to their short lives. However, in the subatomic world, virtual particles are often found in diagrams invented by Richard Feynman that revolutionized theoretical physics by their simplicity to explain what was really happening during the quantum events.

For example, take the Feynman diagram above. It shows how two electrons collide. The internal line is a virtual photon, which is in this case a representation of the excitation of the electromagnetic field caused by electrons and their interaction. We can observe both electrons, their velocities, and paths, but we are helpless to spot the virtual particle. In this very case, whether this virtual photon is really a particle, lasting only a tiny fraction of time during collision, which would give it the title of an actual mediator of the force, just like what its counterpart, the real photon, is, or it is used just as a calculation aid, it is not really certain, but in the end any particle, real or virtual, is only a representation of the excitations of the underlying quantum fields. However, even though they are called "virtual" because of their unobservability, and even though we can't see how they "look" and "act," in one experiment we are definitely able to observe what they do. Experiment proposed by Hendrick Casimir in 1948 and confirmed by Steven Lamoreaux in 1996. The experiment is probably responsible for my dream in the first place. The Casimir effect of the virtual particle-powered machine is just by using two metal plates positioned very near each other. But to understand the Casimir effect, we need to understand one simple thing. Timespace itself. I am not kidding. This is mandatory and a requirement for further reading. Easy. ;-)

Well, I am not pretending that I understand what really happens in the universe, but mainstream science of the current date says, and I am trying to paraphrase it, that all that is around us and within us and at any point in time is just one soup of various fields. Like the Higgs field I talked about once earlier on the blog. Or gravitational field. Or in this post's story and this particular case, electromagnetic field. Any field, by definition, is a region in space (and time?) that is affected by some force. At any point in the field. It also means that a field is a region in space that contains energy. Now, an electromagnetic field is not something that can occupy a certain part of space. It is literally everywhere. It is a fundamental field that is actually in the background of the entire universe and not just in places with matter. Everywhere. Even in the vacuum, where nothing tangible exists. Some places contain more energy than others, with a vacuum being a place with the electromagnetic field in its lowest energy state. Not zero. Now, keep with me; it gets interesting—let's compare this field with actual soup that is always boiling.

If you are looking at the surface of the boiling soup, you will see bubbles and fluid filaments all over the surface, but at some places they are heavier and more powerful, and at other places they are calmer and more peaceful, but always boiling and moving. If we were able to glimpse a closer look and magnify the surface to see it on an even smaller scale, we would see that the entire surface is in a chaotic state of constant wibbling, wabbling, wobbling, blooping, and bubbling*. The same is with electromagnetic fields. The stronger wabbles are what we identify as electromagnetic radiation that propagates forward (and in the case of our soup, outside the pot to the kitchen floor), while the tiny wibbles are just a short-lived emission of photons or failed radiation, if you will.

That tiny failed radiation is possible thanks to quantum mechanics that allows temporary violations of conservation of energy, so one smaller particle can become a pair of heavier particles, and in the case of a photon, it goes from changes of being a wave, a mediator particle with no mass, or a pair of heavier particles—a couple of electrons and positrons (or a pair of quarks and antiquarks with radiation of one gluon). What exactly it is and when it happens is dependent on the ongoing process and energy levels of the system, but in the case of the lowest energy state of vacuum, we know that heavier particles are popping all the time, and due to the uncertainty principle, those virtual particles always appear in pairs. They are borrowing the energy from the vacuum and immediately collide and annihilate themselves, repaying the energy in order not to violate the laws of thermodynamics. These streams of virtual particles "coming out of vacuum and diving back" are well-known quantum features known as quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field.

Now, those virtual particles popping out into short existence are coming pretty randomly—and in all possible wavelengths—which brings to "the surface" a vast amount of energy due to their short life, normally invisible to us. If we position two uncharged metal plates very near to each other (less than a micrometer), only those virtual particles whose wavelengths fit a whole number of times into the gap emerge between the plates, while outside, without limitations, all possible wavelengths are accounted for. The result is that energy density between the plates is way less than the energy density of the surrounding space, and immediately a tiny force appears and starts pulling the plates toward each other. This force is named the "Casimir force", and the entire system the "Casimir effect". On first glance, it doesn't look strange—the same effect can be made with two plates in water that, with small waves created by a sonic generator**, are pulling toward each other as well—but keep in mind that the actual Casimir experiment is performed in a vacuum with no single atom of matter between or outside the monitoring system, and the plates are uncharged. So the "only effort" we need to make is to put them very near to each other, and they will start moving. The force is tiny, though; for example, for the one-square-meter plates apart by just one micron, the force is 1.3 mN*** (the weight of 1 kg is about 10N). The force is stronger for bigger plates and with shorter distances in between.

However, one potential propulsion engine, built on the principles of the Casimir effect with even a tiny but constant push like this one, is comparable with ion engines that create thrust by accelerating ions with electricity. For example, in "Dawn", the spacecraft that recently arrived in the asteroid belt was propelled by three xenon-ion thrusters, each with a force of only 90 mN. Eventually, after more than 8 years of travel, it accumulated acceleration over the mission to more than 10 km/s (41,260 km/h), which is pretty fast for a tiny push (even though it used other means of acceleration like gravity boost while transiting Mars). It carried almost 400 kg of xenon for the ion thrust engine, but the potential Casimir engine of the future would need none of such a payload. Its propellant would be the very vacuum of spacetime and its pairs of virtual particles.

Of course, the real application would come with separating virtual particles like in my dream or what black holes seem to do**** on a daily basis. If there is a way to make virtual particles real, the millinewtons will instantly lose that 'milli' prefix and be equipped with one more powerful (perhaps 'kilo' or 'mega'), and that will be something extraordinary. Something that in science fiction has a cool acronym. ZPE. Zero Point Energy. Surely, we must find other means to deal with this than by creating tiny black holes to do the job for us, but thankfully, the quantum world is always full of surprises, and perhaps one day we will build a machine that is capable of taking the energy out of a vacuum safely and is small in size, relatively speaking. Perhaps another quantum effect will be helpful for this job, the one that uses interactions between hydrogen electrons and virtual particles called the Lamb shift. But that is a story for another time.

Image refs:
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/main/index.html
http://www.livescience.com/50119-superconductors-physicists-gravity-particles.html
http://pics-about-space.com/black-hole-hawking-radiation-diagram?p=3

Refs:
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Quantum/virtual_particles.html
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kn5PMa5xRq4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_universe
https://briankoberlein.com/2015/03/06/nothing-but-net/
** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PS8Lbq2VYIk
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-virtual-particles-rea/
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/147096/are-virtual-particles-tool
***http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Quantum/casimir.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_particle
****https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

What is Intelligent Life?

I remember reading an article in the Guardian last year with the title "Our galaxy may contain billions of planets with the same mass as Earth". Surely, it is a valid scientific guess as it is, but if it is really true, my first thought would be that intelligent life as we know it (assuming we are intelligent species) is as rare as we can imagine. If they are not, the big question is, why are we still not able to detect any single proof of their existence, or are they still not eaten by some violent alien species? The only logical answer, that we are the first ones to walk on the edge of impossibility, is logical to me. Most likely we are missing something important—a discovery as important as fire was.

While this statement is still accurate and generally speaking plausible, let's think a little more about it. So to start with the original statement, are there really that many planets with Earth-like properties in our galaxy? Ever since I read the Drake equation for the first time (shown above), I couldn't get rid of the feeling that there was nothing spectacular I could conclude from it. Come on, really, this is just another scientific speculation at best, as we simply don't have any valuable information about star systems other than our own. Not until the recent year did we have any observations of local star clusters related to potential planets. The only scientific data coming in this regard is the one from the Kepler mission, and after two and a half years, it still didn't find a single hint of an Earth-like planet. Yes, this is just the beginning, and the Kepler spacecraft only searches for changes in brightness of the nearby stars looking for planets, but still there is nothing so far. Just giant Jupiter-sized or supermassive rocky planets. I wanted to sound optimistic, but I would expect at least one stable candidate in these 2.5 years of Kepler's. Maybe it is there in scientific data still waiting to be revealed, or maybe those giant planets harbor Pandora-like satellites? Or nothing's there? The future will tell.

Next, there is a common interpretation that life-supporting planets exist in large numbers, but intelligent life is rare, or we are, by some rare possibility, the first one. As this sounds plausible on first glance, it is not. We simply have this one-time experience with Earth, where one single cell needed almost one billion years to evolve and almost three billion for the first multicellular creatures to arrive, not to mention that the first plant evolved only half a billion years ago. So, a life-supporting planet or satellite requires many billions of years of evolution, not many times interrupted with cataclysmic events. If we take this for granted, then it seems that complex life, like us, needs a small amount of time, astronomically speaking, compared to less complex ones like trees or grass. Therefore, again astronomically speaking, if we find a greenish environment on some planet, the chances of finding intelligent life on that planet in some sort of statistical existence are pretty big.

Ok, what's next? Oh yes, intelligent life... Is that what we are? Are these Hawking's famous sayings right? "Primitive life is very common, and intelligent life is fairly rare. Some would say it has yet to occur on Earth". If you ask me, it is only half right. I'd say if primitive life is common, then complex life could be common as well, but the second statement is pretty much accurate. I don't want to sound pathetic, semi-scientific, or too philosophical here, but there is a simple fact that what differs humans from animals is that big rational brain of ours. On the other end, what is pretty much similar to animal life is that still hyperactive emotional or reptilian part of our inner head. I am not sure what the next centuries will bring to us, but it will be either further development of the rational brain at the expense of the emotional one or vice versa.

I am not saying that we must completely suppress emotions like Vulcans or try to augment people to reach this goal, but I am 100% sure that all human misbehavior today, like wars, global crises, hunger there and overfilled bellies here, and cultural or religion-based animosity between people, relatives, or neighbors, is simply caused by a reptilian complex deeply hidden in the center of the human brain. Of course, I really can't imagine living a life without emotions at all, but simply put, this part of human beings should not be in charge over reason. It's been proven too dangerous so many times.

So, in a nutshell, as soon as this part of the brain evolves down under the border of no return, I guess we should not call ourselves an intelligent species. Until then, it is unwise for some interstellar species to give us technology to leave the Earth—the chances that we would use it for star wars are bigger than that we would go to the next level and use it for peaceful exploration of the solar system and beyond.

The last and probably the most important from my original statement last year was the hint that we were missing something important, like a fire-like breakthrough discovery. Is that what we are missing—some space technology or a warp drive? Sure, this is the necessity; we definitely can't populate other planets or go interstellar with today's rockets, but in today's spirit, it seems that it is definitely something that will help our rational brain to become the real boss in our heads. Only then can we step further and say that intelligent life finally emerged on Earth. Only then can we say that our railguns are only made for mining the asteroids and not for killing people because they look different.

Is this possible?

Sure, if we are spared by some major cataclysmic event within the next couple of centuries or if we don't create one ourselves. I have all my hopes in the evolutionary process but also little doubts as well. But, when the day is bright and cheerful, I also have all my hopes that tomorrow humanity will overpass this current stage of evolution and head for something more.

Image credits:
http://eugenius330.deviantart.com/art/Message-413092189

Search for habitable planets:
http://kepler.nasa.gov/

Refs:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/oct/28/galaxy-planets-mass-earth-life
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_evolution
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sumer_anunnaki/reptiles/reptiles14.htm
http://www.dailygalaxy.com/stephen-hawking-no-biological-life.html
http://www.activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/seti/drake_equation.html

Aliens & UFOs

Not so long ago I mentioned the great city of Alexandria in the post Constantine & Naissus when I described the horrible misfortune and death of Hypatia, one of the greatest philosophers and astronomers of the 4th century AD, who lived at the very end of the classical Greek era of prosperity. Within the same city walls, a couple of centuries before, one of the greatest and most famous scientists of all time, Claudius Ptolemy, was living, exploring, teaching, and dedicating his life to various disciplines, including astronomy and, of course, the unavoidable astrology, which was considered to be "connected science" for centuries, especially in the old ages.

Rachel Weisz as Hypatia of Alexandria in Agora (2009)

Among other things, Ptolemy will be remembered as one of the first scholars who described and identified 48 constellations of clear and unpolluted nightly skies above Alexandria so many centuries ago. One of the biggest constellations in his list was the great constellation of Gemini. This zodiac member* (one of 13 constellations that appears in the background of the Sun during one year of Earth's orbit) is made out of 80 stars. Perhaps the most interesting stars in Gemini are two "twins", Castor and Pollux (twin brothers from Greek mythology), who are among the brightest star systems of the heavens, the first being a system made out of 6 stars gravitationally bonded while the other is an old and evolved giant star. These two stars are the pillars of the whole constellation and certainly the most important stars in Gemini, but from the point of view related to this post's title, maybe the more interesting star in the constellation is its 37th member. A star without a name with astronomical designation HD50692 and simply called 37 Geminorum or "37 Gem". It came to focus during the year of 2003 when astronomers Jill Tarter and Margaret Turnbull, under Project Phoenix (a part of SETI), published the article Target Selection for SETI. I. A Catalog of Nearby Habitable Stellar Systems. The goal was to, by thorough examination of various star features (like star age, composition, similarity to the Sun, capability to harbor a stable habitable zone where liquid water can exist, etc.), narrow down 118,218 stars from the Hipparcos Catalogue database to the relatively small number of potential SETI targets. The result of the research is the Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems (HabCat), with a selection of 17,129 candidates with potentially habitable exoplanets capable of complex life similar to Earth.

After this initial research was done in 2003, according to one of the paper writers, astrobiologist Maggie Turnbull, "37 Gem" was most likely the best candidate to harbor an Earth twin planet within its Goldilocks zone. The star is stable and non-variant, middle-aged, and just a bit hotter and brighter than our Sun. It is located 56.3 light-years from our solar system, and it is one billion years older than our sun. Now, if this system is rich with elements originated from old supernova explosions in the distant past, like in our planetary front yard, and if major cosmic collisions and natural doomsday scenarios didn't interfere much with the evolution of lifeforms, then this star and its potential planetary system is more than promising. However, so far no planets are detected in this system, and no radio messages are caught from this direction, but if some Earth-like planet is there and, in one potential scenario, if some sort of intelligent life emerged and evolved, the fact is that they had one billion years ahead of us. In simple words, if alien humanoids, or whatever they look like, exist, they could be far more advanced than we are, and they may not communicate with radio waves anymore. Furthermore, if interstellar travels are possible with some sort of 'warp speed' spaceship technology, it is likely that they already developed it by now. Not to mention that this kind of advanced civilization would be fully aware of all star systems in their neighborhood of, say, 100 light-years in all directions. In other words, if they exist, they already know about us.

Astronomy, of course, is the science dealing with extremely large numbers, and thanks to many new techniques in interstellar observation, we now know a great deal about the star "37 Gem". Even though the two stars are similar in many aspects, it is actually not the exact Sun twin. Like in the case of the identical twins of the mythological story of Castor and Pollux, the two stars are different. Slightly, but they are. Way back in the year of 2004, I read one interesting hypothetical question within a popular Serbian Astronomy Magazine. Miroslav Filipović, one of the astronomers who worked at the time at the Australian Parkes Observatory, asked a very interesting question. He wondered what would happen if we took the almighty hand and in one millisecond replaced our sun with "37 Gem"? It was actually an interactive quiz question (here is the Serbian link), and I couldn't resist posting my thoughts on the subject. Basically I said that this scenario would be catastrophic for our solar system. All orbits would start changing immediately, and our Goldilocks zone would suffer the most as the asteroid belt would go into a chaotic stage, and in the process of adjusting to the new boss, until all orbits stabilize, Earth would probably lose all habitable properties due to asteroid bombardments similar to the early stage of the solar system, and life as we know it would most definitely cease to exist. The biggest unknown to me was what would happen to Jupiter? This giant planet and its orbit act as a gravitational balance between the main star and all other planets, and with its enormous gravity, it attracts all killer objects toward itself and keeps the asteroid belt in line. The moral of the story is that even the slightest difference between two stars can be the major difference in their system geometry and behavior. Not to mention that if we use our solar system analogy, in order for life to survive billions of years of evolution, there must exist one giant planet in the right position in order to protect the planets in the habitable zone from serious attacks from large asteroids and comets. If we put this story into consideration, it seems now that finding Sun's twin doesn't guarantee the existence of a habitable Earth-like planet capable of the evolution of intelligent life.

With the latest update of this post, I tried to simulate this hypothetical scenario in Universe Sandbox. 37 Gem, actually, is not part of the app's default library, so, to test it out, I just enhanced the Sun's mass to match 37 Gem's, which is estimated to be 1.1 solar masses. In the simulation result, within hours and days, the Earth's orbit changed and the Goldilocks zone expanded, causing the average temperature to jump from a cozy fifteen degrees to more than fifty. I am not sure that there is a physics process in existence to create something like this, but this fragileness gave me another stomach twitching nevertheless.

But to get back to the title, and in light of so many reported UFO sightings all over the world and with lots of stories involving alien autopsies, abducted humans, and (ancient) alien astronauts, we believers can ask ourselves, is there an ultimate connection between aliens & UFOs?

Well, the ultimate fact is that we still have no single proof that aliens exist at all, and sometimes, the lack of proof means that it doesn't exist at all, and in this case, this might be true for our small interstellar neighborhood. So, for now, the answer to the famous question "Are there aliens in UFOs?" will stay "No". UFO will still be what the acronym means in the first place: "Unidentified Flying Object". To be honest, on several occasions I saw UFOs in the sky. One of them was pretty memorable—a decade or so ago there was one bright light flying very fast above the beach resort in Greece, and its magnitude was probably about -5 or even brighter, which was probably the brightness of three or four full Venus magnitudes, and believe me or not, what first popped to my mind wasn't aliens driving some fancy saucer, and instead the first thing I thought was that this might be related to the jet military planes from the nearby air force base located a couple of hundred kilometers near Thessaloniki, the second largest city in the country. It's not that I am one of those conspiracy theorists out there; it was the simple fact that we were regularly seeing these jets during daylight, with some of them repeatedly breaking the sound barrier above the Aegean Sea. However, what I didn't hear that night was the sound of a jet. It was flying completely quietly. That fact is still buzzing in my mind. But not enough to immediately imagine little grays in shiny alien aircraft in search of abductees.

UFOs Explained***

In favor of the fact that there is no proof of aliens visiting our planet or any significant proof of their communications detected in past decades speaks the 50+ years of radio silence since SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) has been using scientific research to detect at least one confirmed artificial electromagnetic signal from above. That is if we exclude the WOW!** signal from August of 1977. Jerry R. Ehman, an American astronomer, detected the strong narrow-band radio signal that appeared to originate from Chi Sagittarii, a shared three-star system in the constellation Sagittarius. However, even though the signal never repeated again, it remained the best candidate for the proof of one alien world 220 light-years away from Earth. The signal was 30 times louder than normal deep space noise, and the fact that its frequency was 1420 MHz, the same frequency the most common element, hydrogen, resonates at, no doubt points toward the valid conclusion that it indeed was artificial in origin. Too bad it has stayed unconfirmed ever since. But if it was really a message from the alien race living in one of the star systems of the Sagittarius constellation, I could say that I fully understand why it was not repeated (or detected) again. The simple reason is the same as why we here don't send messages to outer space on purpose. Or, to be precise, why broadcasts sent from Earth to chosen star systems are not continuous messages and are instead just some isolated, shy, and timid dispatches.

Ever since SETI started its research in only listening to the heavens, there has been a loud debate over whether or not it is wise to send pointed messages to the unknown aliens. There is a simple fear that some of them can be violent and eager to enslave us the moment they receive this kind of invitation. If you ask me, I stand by the point that sending these messages is too early. We are still a young civilization, and it is wise to wait for a couplemore decades until we, at least, evolve from residents of one planet into residents of one solar system. We simply need to understand more than just Earth before we start actively searching for the contact of the third kind. Of course this doesn't stop people behind Active SETI or METI (Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence), who have been trying to send messages ever since the first message to ET was sent in the form of Pioneer plaques, placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 spacecraft, illustrating a hydrogen atom, a naked man and woman, and the solar system's main objects. A couple of years later, the first radio message was sent from the Arecibo radio telescope toward the 25,000-light-year-distant star cluster M13. The Arecibo message was created by Dr. Frank Drake with the help of Carl Sagan and contained simple physics along with mathematical and graphical data, and it served more educational purposes than as a real attempt to contact extraterrestrials.

'Aliens form Orion'****

On the other end, there are pointed messages to the desired star systems with more complex data included. Scientists and politicians are not really united when it comes to possibly messaging extraterrestrials, not to mention that there is no valid protocol for what we should do if some ET pays us a surprise visit, and so far there are no united efforts to perform active SETI on a global scale. Instead, some not very bright individual messages are sent from time to time, like the one sent last year toward the source of the WOW! signal with, believe it or not, 10,000 Twitter messages. I wonder what aliens would conclude after reading tweets, but I am sure nothing good. Equally problematic, to say the least, a message called "Teen Age Message" is sent from a radio telescope in Ukraine in 2001. The message's content and target stars were selected by a group of teens from four Russian cities. You probably guessed, teens, among other data, have chosen to send an audio file, and in this case a concert named "First Theremin Concert for Extraterrestrials". Among other stars, this message is sent toward "37 Gem" as well, and it will arrive in December 2057. Then we will know for sure if aliens there like music and art.

In conclusion let me say the obvious. Space is a cruel place, and distances between two star systems are tremendously huge. Technology to build a spaceshipfor interstellar travel is definitely extraordinary and not just within the realm of solving the cruising speed to be faster than light. I am more than positive that first contact with alien technology will be with some robotic probe instead of live contact with cute and friendly aliens in a flash. If traveling through the space was easy and solvable, we would probably have significant proof by now that aliens exist, and we wouldn't be buzzing our minds with the Fermi paradox and the obvious question of why the nightly sky is not filled with alien spacecraft, deep space stations, and beautiful green girls from Orion.

Original post date: November 2013; Updates: December 2016, December 2015

Image ref:
https://philipstanfield.com/tag/mysticism-2/

*What is the Zodiac?
http://earthsky.org/space/what-is-the-zodiac
http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/starfinder2/en/

**Wow! signal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal

***UFOs Explained –– and Unsolved
http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a3995/4304207/
http://ufodigest.com/news/0809/ufos-solved.php

****The Green Sisters
http://www.startrekmemorabilia.com/non-human-hotties/slave-sisters-from-bound

More resources:
http://static.astronomija.co.rs/razno/zabava/igre/pobednik2.htm
http://static.astronomija.co.rs/dubokisvemir/galaksija/explanete/37gem/odgovor.htm
http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/627/habitability-betting-on-37-gem
http://www.spacedaily.com/2003/031008190106.4hcm1yfo.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_twin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_to_Extra-Terrestrial_Intelligence
http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/newworlds/HabStars.html

Aegean Sea

Before I start writing about this amazing sea, first of all, I have to say that this story is equally about Greece, the oldest European country and the first known civilization in Europe. Surrounded by three seas, Greece is probably the most interesting place in the Mediterranean basin ever since it was formed and filled with water many millenniums ago. The Aegean Sea keeps the most important part in the history of mankind, being a natural barrier between civilizations independently developed over the west, east, and south. Once in those past times, today known as B.C., this was the center of the world. It was also the place where many amazing things were born that we know today as science, democracy, philosophy, mathematics, culture, and sport, along with all those "other inventions" like modern armies and wars, dictatorships, religion, divine beings...

Aegean Sea

Today, after two millenniums, looking at this part of the world from my point of view and my own relations to the Aegean Sea, it is all about geography, really. I actually live in southern Serbia, where four different seas are more or less equally distant from my current location, and in the past four decades, in one way or another, I visited all of them. Before, with my parents, and now with my own family, every summer vacation is reserved for spending up to two weeks at the zero-level elevation of the nearby seaside. After I spent several vacations on the Black, Ionian, and Adriatic Seas, I decided that those simply are not comparable to the Aegean. Don't get me wrong here, all those three seas have their good sides and charm, but the Aegean is something special for me. Who knows why? Maybe my inner being is somehow attuned to it, or I am simply connected with it on some lower level of understanding, but whatever it is, I calculated that when I sum up all the time I was there, I got about 400 days of vacation time spent in Greece. If I spent all those days in a row, you would probably read this post in Greek instead, but the truth is, due to my perforated time spent there, I only have a basic understanding of probably the most beautiful written language in all of Europe. I can't be sure, but I think my first vacation in Macedonian Greece was at about the age of 2, more than 40 years ago, and until today I have probably visited about the same amount of different towns, fishermen villages, and tourist settlements all around the northern Aegean. I literally watched Macedonian Greece grow from a modest, unexplored country to the prestige destination for anyone expecting a great time for a short vacation during summer break. I might have spent lots of days in Greece, but my son already reached one "Greek" record—his first encounter with Greece was a couple of miles under the Olympus mountain when he was only a couple of cells old, if you know what I mean. He was also learning to walk and swim there, and I am sure you would agree that those are pretty big milestones in anybody's life.

The history of Greece is one of the most colorful tales of them all. Not many nations in the world survived and built their history for that long period of time, starting millenniums before Christ. The ancient Greeks came to Europe almost three millenniums B.C., but maybe the common origin point when it all started is back in the 8th century B.C., when they started to build a civilization known today as a cradle of Western civilization or the world we live in today. This post is too small to carry all the history of the region, so I will let you browse them all in the below links, and instead I will focus on just one period of time known as Classical Greece that flourished for a couple of hundred years, starting somewhere in the 5th century B.C.

Alexander the Great

It was the time when artistic and scientific thought rapidly evolved and shaped humanity as we know it today. If you ask me, this was the period of time relatively free of violence and conservative influences like religion or politics. It started after the fall of the last Athenian tyrant, or, if you will, after a series of dictatorships ruled the ancient Greek cities back in the 6th and 7th centuries before Christ. Aristotle defined the tyrant as "one who rules without law, looks to his own advantage rather than that of his subjects, and uses extreme and cruel tactics—against his own people as well as others". Looks familiar? Hmm, it seems to me that ancient Greeks gave dictatorships in heritage as well. It also looks like Classical Greece is just a period of time where Greeks tried to recover from hundreds of wasted years, and it was the time that they really wanted to change their society for the better. In a way they did just that, and in a whole period of the next 200 years, they created a foundation of modern society and planted scientific thought deep into future generations. Sadly, this period ended with the rise of military societies shaped in the form of the Macedonian empire and Alexander the Great (and his father, Phillip II, before him), who suddenly decided that their land was too small in size and the best way to defend it was to conquer the neighbors, and by neighbors, sometimes this meant thousands of miles away from Greece, as far as India. Sounds familiar again? It definitely resembles some of today's governments that defend their countries far away from their borders. Military societies are a direct product of development in science and engineering, and it was not much of a surprise that the rise of the Macedonian and later Roman empires were byproducts of inventions of new state-of-the-art armory and transportation in both land and sea. The better an army is armored and organized, the more dangerous it becomes for the region. Same as today, only with different actors and more lethal weapons.

Carl Sagan, in his famous COSMOS series, in episode VII, "The Backbone of Night", described the birth of science in these Classical Greece times in the northern Aegean by telling a story of Democritus and his understanding of atoms and matter. Democritus posted his atomic theory somewhere in the 5th century B.C., and like many other famous scientists of the time, he is a direct descendant of the Ionian School founded by Thales, establishing critical thinking as a foundation in modern scientific thought.


History is always fun, and not because it teaches us about ourselves and how to fix errors from the past, but sadly, it also shows us the future. Nothing changes overnight, especially human behavior, and although we are living in a modern, technologically superior time, the inner core of our social being remains the same. We still have wars, dictatorships, bullies, cold wars, and borders of many kinds. Well, it is time to stop with all that, at least in this post, so let's continue the main story and see how the Aegean Sea survived the centuries.

Geographically and also touristically speaking, the northern and southern parts of the sea look very different, and it is caused by one large cataclysmic event. It was the late Bronze Age, a couple of millennia before Christ, when one of the most powerful volcanoes literally exploded under the island of Thera, nowadays Santorini, in the middle of the Aegean. It is now well known as a Minoan eruption, and by recent study, seismologists tend to classify this explosion as four times more powerful than the well-known explosion of Krakatoa Island. This eruption probably caused the volcanic winter in the 17th century B.C. recorded in China by the "Bamboo Chronicles" with "yellow fog, a dim sun, then three suns, frost in July, famine, and the withering of all five cereals". It also caused the devastation of Minoan civilization, the complete reshaping of Aegean geography, and the birth of many myths, including the one of sinking the entire island of Atlantis "in a single day and night of misfortune", recorded by Plato.

Reconstruction of the Santorini Supervolcano (© 7reasons, Michael Klein)*

Whatever happened, the Aegean is filled with many islands south of Athens compared to its northern counterpart. Our vacations are always targeting the northern part simply because it is located less than 1000 km from southern Serbia, and it is cheaper and easier to get there by car in less than 10 hours of driving. If it is a family vacation, this is also the best route. However, spending vacation on some Greek island is a completely different experience. There are only two major (in size) islands on the north, Thassos and Corcyra. I visited both of them several times, and their crystal-clear beaches, small fisherman villages, and unique people are simply totally different from the coastline where the tourism over the years almost destroyed small towns and turned them into hotels, clubs, discos, and loud streets. Don't get me wrong here, they also have their unique charm, but the vacation for me is more book-reading silence, wave sounds, and seagulls and less loud music and football match atmosphere. However, there are lots of islands in the southern Aegean left for me to explore. Plenty of time. I also need one thing to confirm there: once we indeed visited the southern Aegean, but from the eastern, Turkish side of the sea, and we felt a couple of small tremors that originated from the middle of the sea, according to our Turkish guide. I am wondering if this is really the truth, and if it is, how bothersome this is on the Greek islands lying exactly there in the "Santorini" area. After all, there are no dead volcanoes, just dormant ones, and we are still living on a very live planet, especially here where African and Eurasian tectonic plates are kissing each other at regular intervals.

Today, Greece is facing a big economic crisis, affecting millions of people, especially in large cities. Greece is probably on top of several European countries affected by the world's recession(s) initiated after the 9/11 event a decade ago. Greek misfortune mainly happened because of the organization of the Olympic Games back in 2004. The extremely large cost of this giant event forced Greece to take many credits and loans in order to fix infrastructure and build new arenas. The Olympics went well, but now, almost a decade after, Greece is facing bankruptcy and an empty state treasury. To be completely honest, I am not very good when it comes to understanding world economics. I am also not good at reading between the lines, so I am not sure what really is at stake here, but speculatively speaking, the major loans happened after the world's recession could be easily predicted, and I can only state a big amount of skepticism that bankers and international fund keepers who actually financed Greece at the time couldn't predict the world economy in the next decade. I mean, if there was even a shadow of doubt that something would happen, why provide credits in the first place? I am really not one of those who believe in conspiracy theories, but something is not really right here. Whether or not the world crisis is manufactured or this is just one natural financial wave of recessions, I am sure Greece will survive, just like in the previous three or so millenniums. Elegant bankers who loaned the money in the first place will survive too, and I am sure there will be no need to exclude caviar and champagne from their menus. After all, this is just another man-made crisis, not a natural disaster. It will pass.

Aegean Sea - Marble beach, Thassos

You know what else will survive? Aegean Sea. It doesn't care for all human stupidities. It ironically smiled two and a change millenniums ago when Alexander the Great fought Persians in wooden galleys, and I am sure it is smiling today when EU officials debate on excluding Greece from the monetary eurozone.

It will stay crystal clear, perfectly reflecting the mother star from sunrise till sunset.

Image ref:
* https://www.7reasons.net/?dt_portfolio=der-supervulkan-von-akrotiri&lang=en

Refs:
http://www.egeonet.gr/index_en.html
http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/greekorg/greekorg.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece
http://www.thebigview.com/greeks/democritus.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_Annals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_eruption
http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/santorini/eruption.html
http://www.sott.net/articles/show/118706-Ye-gods-Ancient
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alexander_the_great.shtml